There's loads of info online on each of the cable types you have. For example, if you look up RG58 you'll see that it's a 50 Ohm cable used for things like radio and wireless LAN antennas.
As a very general guide, with cable it's mostly about bandwidth and attenuation. After that then physical characteristics such as diameter, bend radius etc.
Bandwidth is to do with the resolution and frequency. The composite signal you'd get from a VTR / DVR / video tuner or satellite boxes video output is 5.5MHz, whereas the signal from a TV aerial will be in the 470 - 900MHz range. The signal from a satellite dish LNB will be in the GHz range. Your cable should match or exceed the spec of the signal it is being asked to carry.
Attenuation is about signal loss over distance. You'll find this quoted as dB/100m or dB/1000ft at different frequencies.
RG59 - is your basic 75 Ohm video coax. You would use it with 5.5MHz base-band video sources (VTRs / DVRs / video tuners & satellite boxes) outputting composite video to a display, or perhaps a camera to a recorder or monitor. Max cable lengths: recommendations vary, but 200-300m should be OK.
ct100 - a basic TV aerial downlead - this hasn't been made in about the last 5 years but there's a lot of copy cable around of varying quality. CT100 uses an airspaced insulator - you can see CT100 on the left compared to WF100 foam insulated on the right.
Good ct100 should have a copper foil jacket and a decent amount of braid. Cheap ones skimp on the braid.
basic coax - the crappy brown stuff that cheap aerial installers and house builder use - bleurgh!! It's good for...for.... er... tying bits of scrap together.
If you are running stores for efficiency then have a think about rationalising the cable stock.
Here's some good general info on cables
LINK