Assuming the fuse did not blow again when you switched back on, and none of the lights on the curcuit work, its likely that there is a loose connection on the live feed, either at the first lighting point nearest the CU, or in the CU itself.
If you are happy to remove the CU cover, check the tightness of both the live AND neutral connections, but note that, depending on type of CU, there may be exposed live conductors even with the main switch off.
Check the connections in the ceiling roses, and, depending on how your lighting is wired, behind the switches too (if the feed is looped at the switches rather than at the rose).
Hopefully there won't be a hidden junction box with a loose connection anywhere!
If these checks don't find anything, you are going to need a multimeter to do some fault finding, or a sparks if you don't want to go down that road yourself.