We have a number of standard ways to wire central heating (CH) and domestic hot water (DHW) these plans were designed by Honeywell, and most seem to follow these plans.
C Plan basic no motorised valves, it decides if CH or DHW by turning pump on/off, no thermostat on DHW.
C Plan enhanced by adding a thermostat to the DHW in summer, it can be left running.
C Plan extra enhanced, adding a motorised valve, it can have domestic hot water cooler than central heating water.
W Plan a three port valve, to give DHW priority over CH mainly used with combi boilers.
Y Plan a three port valve with centre position allows independent control of CH and DHW defaults to DHW to help cool boiler.
S Plan two or more motorised valves allows the central heating to be split into zones.
Use of programmable TRV heads also allows splitting into zones.
In the main today, the boiler has a direct feed so it can cool down, and the supply to thermostats and motorised valve comes from the boiler, and it can be low voltage (230 volt) extra low voltage (24 volt) with on/off control, or variable voltage, and it controls the boilers' modulation (reducing output) the options vary depending on the system or plan in use, or combination of plans.
The pictures you show look like a S Plan, but this is a guess. The basic idea is the programmer selects the time on/off, and sends the signal to the thermostats CH and DHW which in turn control the motorised valves, and micro switches in the valves control the boiler, sometimes the micro switches in the motorised valves stick in the on position, but there is an indicator on most valves to show if open/closed etc.
But with so many variables, to try to work out what is wrong is near impossible without more information as to what system you have.