How can either an architect / plan drawer ....., specify or price for either footing depth or floor construction.
It's very easy
First is local knowledge of the ground and perhaps some basic checks from geological information (if the person holds a subscription) or speaking with local building control.
Then there is a look at the nearby buildings. Then there is either a recomendation for ground core samples if necessary or a trial pit to see any existing foundations.
That puts the designer in a position to go with a particular foundation design.
Unless there is a definitive engineered solution, the designer should always add a note that foundation design may need to be altered once the ground is exposed. This is not a get-out clause, but rather a prompt to the client and builder to be aware of potential changes.
The better designers
will then highlight this with the client to prepare them for potential variations, and may recommend that the client specifies to the builder to separate the foundation quotation from the other works, and give one quote for the foundations as detailed on the plans, and an alternate quote for say foundations 500mm deeper or a pro-rata rate for every extra 100mm of depth.
It's very similar for all the other works too, not just foundations. If I am aware that something may need to change and can't be fully designed, then I make the client aware and build something into the quote. Otherwise the builder should just build to the plans as they will contain enough information to quote accurately and build for the quoted price with no or very limited variations.
The most important thing, and one which is almost always forgotten when getting quotes, is to get rates to be used as a basis for pricing variations. Hourly rates, day rates, percentage uplifts etc. These are very important as it prevents the client being held to ransom by some exorbitant variation cost that the builder may try to add.
But as JD2 says, how is a typical householder to know all this? IMO, it is something that the designer/architect should be advising as he is often the first professional that is contacted. Their job is not just to prepare a set a plans with the basics to "get through building control", and certainly not to just change a few things from their last drawing and put a new name and address on it.Their job is to help the client get the thing they wanted at a cost they expected and can afford. And that is very easy to do.