There is an earth terminal in the ceiling rose plate, but no earth wire feeding down to the bayonet mount. Perhaps I should put the earth cable into the earth terminal so it's secured.
You started off wanting to understand why the wiring was not conforming to any of the diagrams. You have been advised how to do it.
Are you saying that you have just (effectively) left it as it was?
Basically the two reds need to be looped together in an insulating block.
You are then left with two blacks. One is the switched live and that will go on the brown of your new light. The other black is the neutral (goes to blue).
You'll need a test meter to sort out which black is which. And to mark the switched live properly.
Or ( with power OFF ) connect the lamp to the red and black from one cable. Turn the power ON. If the lamp lights then that cable is the supply and the other is the cable to the switch.
If the lamp doesn't light then it is most probably connected to the cable to the switdh.
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