Forgive me, but I have only just scanned through this topic quickly and got the general feel for it.
First off I would say your so called installer hasn't a clue about how to fit a Vaillant.
The inlet pressure reading at the gas valve will always be around 3mBar less than the associated inlet pressure at the point where your gas pipe is connected to the tail on the boiler. If there was a test point there you would see what I mean.
So this fact then makes your pressure equivalent to 16.5mBar, whilst this is stiil too great a drop across the carcass, it is none the less not as bad as he is making out.
The 831 should have its gas supply sized for 3.3m3/hr, which generally, making allowances for current pipe sizing tables not being that accurate, means a maximum of around 12M equivalent length of gas supply pipe to the 831, assuming it is the only gas appliance using this length of pipe.
If there are more then that makes the situation even worse.
I can only agree with the posts above, he should have ascertained the gas needed and sized the pipe accordingly, so unless he categorically stated in his written quote that a new gas supply my be needed but if it was, the cost was NOT included in the quote, I feel he should have to put it right to current regulations.