The cable does pass through the cavity wall between the garage and the house. The cavity is around 70mm so the cable will be surrounded by insulation for that distance - I'm not sure if any derating needs to be applying for that distance?
Yes, you should derate for that.
My 17th ed OSG table 6B gives a derating factor of 0.78 for 100mm of insulation with thermal conductivity greater than 0.04 W/mK. But most modern insulation materials are at least a bit better insulators than that. 50mm is 0.88.