Normally you just face fix it and leave it at that, unless it is really bad. In that case it may be necessary to plane the top edge of the sistered board to get it right (flat, horizontal). It normally doesn't need to be perfect, but within 2 to 4mm is generally acceptable
You should have put in the noggins at 300 to 400mm centres. If you add some form of packing atop these noggins (e.g. a offcuts of the removed flooring, thin plywood, etc., building the level to that of the top of the new sistering boards) then that will suffice to carry your new flooring
Yes and no. In other words there are workarounds. Your t&g boards will work out at 2400mm long as a rule (ideal for new 400mm spaced joists). Additionslly, in a typical domestic environment your rooms normally won't be more than about 4.8 metres, so with a little bit of organizing you may well be able to the boards to join end to end over a 5 x 2. This gets a bit more awkward on your alternate rows (where instead of two full boards you get a half board, a fullboard, then a half board) so if you get a joint that misses it is often just a case of screwing a 2 x 1 batten (slate lath, etc) or the like onto the side of the joist for that board width (600 to 700mm long). The alternative might be to install a couple or three noggins between joists for that board. The key issue is that you must not have unsupported end joints
Quite possibly. A bit difficult to say without being there in person, but working towards a door is generally a good idea. You generally start with the tongue nearest to the wall (you saw this off on the first row to get a tighter fit). That allows you to get the glue into the groove of the installed board and fit the tongue of the next board into that. Starting from the left keeps that going for the end joints as well (if that makes sense)