Back to serious: Don't just pour cement through until it stops - could breach the dpc and bring damp into the house.
How about a rubber strip - glued both sides and pushed just far enough? Or wood.
Or if cement is really wanted, some variation on the plasterboard hole trick? Some thin plastic folded (Milk bottles) into a V-shape, covered in glue with strings tied to it. Pushed through the gap and pulled back with the strings to stick to the backside. Do in 2 or 3 bits to make slightly less fiddly. Once glue dried, mortar'll work.
Or, as suggested, a GRP stair grip/nosing which can be stuck over the surface of the treads and raise the level enough to hide the gap. Ugly, though - and not cheap.
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