So there "was" a bypass.
I've had the floorboards up and can clearly see the pipes for a bypass, but a previous plumber/gas engineer has squashed the feed pipe flat just after it tees into the radiator to prevent flow to the bypass.
A brief test this morning shows that it hasn't stopped the water completely, as the other side of the flattened section became piping hot very quickly, but it has clearly reduced the flow significantly.
I will get this chopped off and capped properly, but I doubt it has anything to do with my current problem with the upstairs rads.
As JohnD suggests, I will try more balancing by turning down the downstairs rads even further. Looking at a 1/16 turn on them, so maybe that will help? Beyond that, it's a power flush on Monday, and beyond that, is it the boiler that doesn't have enough poke?
I looked at the pump last night, but the view was not sufficient to see a pump speed adjuster. There was a knob on the top, but as I couldn't see what it did, I left well alone!