The cavity detail is only part of the problem - I would suggest from the photo's that the builder has added on the walls to the extension directly from the existing face brickwork, but what they had not considered was 'how' to close of the cavity.
Ideally, the face brickwork should have been cut back to expose the internal blockwork, then the foundations could have been laid to allow the internal blockwork to be extended into the extension, likewise the external brickwork.
To resolve this problem you would need to cut back the offending face brickwork to where it meets the internal face of the new face brickwork to the extension, trim back the insulation and then extend the internal blockwork to meet and tie in with the internal blockwork to the main house - not forgetting dpc's and additional bit of insulation.
When it comes to tying in the walls - take a look at and get some advice from the following web site:-
www.helifix.com
Fiddly, but do-able!
However, this still leaves you with the damp problem to contend with! You could add some weep hole vents which may alleviate the problem but it would not get rid of it, so you will be back to my earlier comments on that subject
And to answer your question - correct, if I had viewed the photo first I could have saved myself some time! drat!!
Hi! Just noticed one almighty glitch in the cunning plan - you will need to cut back the existing internal blockwork to gain access to the offending brickwork, which brings into play support for the lintel above the opening while the work is being carried out, not a major problem but needs to be considered! Then take the new section of blockwork into the building line and tie into the existing blockwork through the face of the new blockwork - using helifix ties. Not quite as simple as it sounds, but as before it is do-able!
Regards