Do you remember the old "local" dialling codes, pre STD? So, for example, you could dial an old 5 digit number in High Wycombe from a nearby town by using '5' as the dialling code. When STD came in the 5 got subsumed into the actual phone number.I believe it varies by area, according to how exchanges are arranged. We really need Pauc_C (PBC_1966) who knows the history of all this back-to-front.
I have to say that nearly all of my experiences have been of the situation as I described. Indeed, if you go back one step further in London, from 0203/0208/0207, through 0171/0181 to plain old 01, I seem to recall that anyone in London could dial anyone else in London without using the '01' - but maybe time/age has distorted my recollections!