Please help me understand this wiring

ah cool, OK, that's already done.

It's just one of the standard cheapo enclosures from Wickes that clips shut, will that be adequate?
 
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This is how it's looking:
IMG_3626.jpg
 
The box is ok but it needs to be neater, you shouldn't be able to see the coloured wires outside the box....like this.

Screenshot_20240913-142858_Chrome.jpg
 
I think that's one issue I'm not going to be able to fix, as I don't want to cut the wires back as there's not much cable in there. Is it not being neat a danger? I assumed the jacket on the wires prevents any issues? If it's literally a fire hazard, I'll definitely fix
 
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The danger with the installation method that you have used comes from having wires with only a single layer of insulation outside the box and not having any cable clamp to retain the cables in place.

When installed correctly the grey sheath goes inside the box and is held in place by the cable clamp.
 
I think that's one issue I'm not going to be able to fix, as I don't want to cut the wires back as there's not much cable in there. Is it not being neat a danger? I assumed the jacket on the wires prevents any issues? If it's literally a fire hazard, I'll definitely fix
You have a considerable length of insulated conductors available and
Photos #1 and #2 of Post #1 appear to show that you have access to at least 40 mm of "Cable Sheathing" on all three ceiling cables,
which should be sufficient "sheathing length" to clamp the sheathing in one of the many "Wago" type Junction Boxes which are available.

See https://tewltd.co.uk/product/quickfix-junction-box-for-wago-connectors-quickfix-jb-4/
and

Yes,
you will need to
shorten the insulated conductors,
strip 12 mm of insulation from each and
terminate them appropriately in a connector.

The equipment is available for you to do the "job" properly, safely - and, relatively, cheaply.
 
Unfortunately, I had to move the location of the light, which left the sheathing way too far back to cut the wires down. That would have been my preferred method in the first place, but the new light didn't fit in the space the old light was, and needed to be located 100mm further away.

The lines are properly terminated and stored in junction boxes, and I've now clamped everything down so nothing can move. Beyond just wanting to do it nice and neat like an electric might do, what is the inherent risk now posed to my method?

I've tried to look online, and everything I can find suggests that it's OK as long as the box isn't moving or being tugged at.
 
Just fit a longer length of cable from the JB to the light fitting. Then you don't have to worry about making the cables into the JB a smidgen shorter.
 
ooooh yeah, I feel like an idiot, I'll do that now - nice one!
 

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