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Are you thinking of people trading as self employed? They pay an NI rate that is about half what Employer's plus Employee's contributions would be.
IIRC they can't claim Jobseekers Allowance
https://www.gov.uk/self-employed-national-insurance-rates
If you have your own business, but are an "employee" of the company and receive income as wages or salary, you can pay tax and NI under PAYE, and both Employer's and Employee's NI contributions are due.
There has been a long campaign to prevent people sliding their earnings out of the "taxable earnings" category. Some of the tax and NI avoidence schemes are obviously wrong. It can be expensive and troublesome to be subject to an HMRC invstigation, even if you have done nothing wrong.
AFAIK there has been no such campaign against tax-dodging billionaires, multinationals or Prime Ministers.
View attachment 182166
Morally wrong but technically ok, that was until HMRC caught wind of this statement and smelt money, they managed to twist a few judges arms and start moving the goalposts... retrospectively too.