Happy birthday, Ludwig: two hundred and fifty four years young and still sounding as good as ever.
The first public performance of the Third Symphony took place on April 7, 1805 and was conducted by Beethoven himself. Because of the epithet ‘Eroica’ (the Heroic one), Beethoven’s third symphony is commonly linked to Napoleon. However, Beethoven’s relationship to Napoleon was rather ambivalent: on the one hand, he was fascinated by Napoleon’s ideals, but at the same time he was deeply repelled by the fact that he had proclaimed himself emperor. Later, however, Beethoven is said to have revered Napoleon. His ambivalent attitude is also evidenced by the addition of the words “written on Bonaparte” to the copy of the score, which he initially erased, but later added in again.
It is also unknown, however, who the hero could be to whom Beethoven dedicated the Eroica with the words “Sinfonia Eroica composta per celebrare la morte d’un Eroe”. Researchers doubt that he could have meant Napoleon. Whatever the case, Beethoven dedicated his third symphony to a hero whose funeral he commemorates in the second movement with a brilliant funeral march and who he resurrects triumphantly at the end of the fourth movement.