If the planes forward speed is matched exactly by the conveyor belt going the other way then the plane will not move relative to the Earth. If you run too fast on your running machine you move forward, too slow you move backwards.
Now imagine you are on that treadmill on a unicycle and have a rocket pack on your back. Now what happens? NEWTON'S THRID LAW.
Are we dealing purely with forward/backward momentum here? If you are going forwards with the unicycle, and the rocket pack is moving you forwards aswell then unless the treadmill counters your speed exactly you will go forward.