It was Galileo, his assertion that the Earth orbited the sun not vice versa was what got up their noses.
No, the Earth going around the sun had been known for some time. In fact the Church knew it independantly, they had some of the finest scientists of the time on their books. To be a scientist you had to be educated. The ability to read and write was something the church controlled, so they made sure they reserved that skill to people they thought they could trust.
What the Church was annoyed about was Galileo was spreading the word in the 'wrong way'. The church wanted to control the release of this information in a way which would not damage their power structure, which is after all what organised religion is about.
Had he shut up, done his research, given it to the church for them to use as they saw fit, he would have been fine.