a "neon" is a tube filled with gas, neon is actually red (well it is when it lights up), different gases / combinations of gasses produce diferent colours, the tubes which contain the gas are bent into various shapes / letters like
flourescent tubes on the other hand are filled with a specific gas, that gives off ultra violet light, the INSIDE of the tube is powder coated and this powder actually glows or "flouresces" differnt colours of powders give the tube its colour.
both run on high voltage (we are talking thousands here) except that a flourescent tube only has a few thousnd volts to "strike" (INITIALLY LIGHT) after all it has to send a voltage anything from 2 - 8 feet (depending on tube) once "struck" the voltage / current is then reduced by the choke (which is what made the high voltage in the first place)
A neon sign on the other hand never "strikes" it is constantly sending a couple of thousand volts (at least) down the tube in order for it to work.
next time you see a neon sign have a look you will notice it is held away from its fixing and has thick insulation, this is because of the very high voltages in constant use, if it didn't it could easily arc and short to earth (or you)
you may be aware of "case modding" for computers they some times have a flourescent light in them, actually they don't its a "cold cathode" and i don't know how they work but perhaps FWL_Engineer can enlighten us (no punn intended)