Felt I had to get that in before the chap booggers his valve.
Only the valves with a D shaped shoe which moves round will rotate freely.The ones with rubber wedges (eg drayton) moving to and fro and the ones with a ball (eg Honeywell) only move about, as reported, about an eighth of a turn - if that.
What make is the valve - it'll be on the head. It obviously isn't a Honeywell cos the lever moves the wrong way. Whatever it is I may have one lying around somewhere..
Whatever, there's more than one problem here. The pumping over is obviously wrong, due to a design fault or a pipe blockage. The one way valve in the system vent, if it really is that, is illegal immoral fattening and downright dangerous. If it sludges up and blocks you could have a bomb.
The lack of ch - well if you put ch and HW on and leave the head off the valve and put it in the middle of its travel, or leave the head ON the valve and hook it in its "Man" position (as long as it stays there, some unhook themselves) then your HW and CH should get heat. A lot of systems send everything to the HW really because the resistance that way is so much less if there's no gate valve in the way.
It all depends on the layout of your pipes. Can you tell where the feed (usually 15mm) joins the system, and where the vent (usually 22mm) does. In relation to the boiler and pump, it might eg go boiler, vent, feed, pump, 3way valve and on to the rads...?